According to [1] volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be found in a variety of situations. Natural biotic VOCs are released by protists such as microalgae, fungus, bacteria, and plants. There isn't a one definition of VOCs that applies to all international and national organizations at this time; instead, there are a number of definitions. In order to be considered a VOC, a boiling point range needs to be between 240°C and 260°C and between 50°C and 100°C comparatively, the European Environmental Agency (EEA) defines organic chemical substances as those that are normally gaseous or have the potential to vaporise and enter the atmosphere. VOCs are defined as any carbon molecule, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) excluding organic carbon that has the ability to diffuse relatively far from its source by travelling through both the atmosphere and water. They are primarily identified by low molecular mass ammonium carbonate (50–200 Da), which takes part in atmospheric photochemical processes. The term "VOCs" generally refers to a wide variety of substances, such as carbonate sand, metallic carbides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid, which have low molecular masses (in the range of 50-a), high [2], and low to moderate hydrophilicity. Building materials may include VOCs that come from a variety of pollution sources. VOCs of low molecular weight, such as additives, solvent residues, and unreacted raw materials, such as monorails, are typically released by primary pollution sources as free (nonbound) primary pollutants. Chemically or physically bound VOCs are considered secondary pollutants. However, many VOCs are produced or created by a variety of various reactions [3]. In addition to hydrolytic deposition, other reactions that might produce VOCs include oxidative deterioration and adsorbed VOCs. Numerous identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have the potential to worsen indoor air quality (IAQ) through sensory reactions such odour discomfort and irritation of the eyes and airways [4]. The potential loss of productivity due to declining IAQ brought on by VOC exposure is another crucial factor. But productivity is hard to quantify, and there is currently no solid evidence of the significance of volatile organic compounds [5]. To comprehend the distribution of airborne volatile organic compounds and source correlations, numerous research have been carried out in various industrial cities by multiple authors [6, 7]. Refineries, as well as other chemical and non-chemical businesses, have been found to produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [4]. Surrounding traffic sources have an impact on VOC emissions from industrial activity [8]. The two main sources of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are anthropogenic (caused by humans) and natural. Air quality is affected by anthropogenic sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in populated and industrialized areas, even though natural sources of VOC emissions are more prevalent overall [1]. Volatile substances typically react quickly with ambience particles and are extremely spontaneous, leading to a contaminated environment through a number of physical and chemical processes.

The distribution and concentration of TVOCs in the atmosphere are heavily influenced by meteorological factors such as temperature, wind speed, and humidity. Temperature plays a pivotal role by increasing the volatilization of organic compounds at higher levels, thereby boosting emissions from both anthropogenic and natural sources [8]. Wind speed, meanwhile, affects the dispersion and dilution of TVOCs, with faster winds generally reducing concentrations in localized areas by enhancing atmospheric mixing) [9]. Humidity also contributes to TVOC dynamics by influencing chemical reactions in the atmosphere; higher humidity levels promote aqueous-phase reactions that can reduce the concentration of certain volatile compounds [8]. The interplay between these variables not only determines the behavior of TVOCs but also impacts air quality and potential exposure risks. Understanding these relationships is critical for improving predictive models of air pollution and informing effective mitigation strategies.

Despite the crucial function that volatile compounds play in the production and stability maintenance of many products, new studies have highlighted the negative health effects linked with prolonged exposure to these substances [9] .Similarly, because the current way of life involves the use of numerous common chemicals, (Benzene, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde and other common instances of VOVs that we could encounter on a daily basis),it is crucial to raise awareness of these chemicals' safety features so that people of all backgrounds can take protective measures in accordance with their exposure levels and way of life. Benzene, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, and other common instances of VOCs that we could encounter on a daily basis. The usage of items containing solvents, industrial operations, oil refining and distribution from automobiles, industrialized and agricultural sources, and products containing solvents are the main anthropogenic sources of VOCs [10]. The majority of VOCs that businesses emit into the environment have an impact on the health of both people and animals. According to [11] VOCs are a significant category of air contaminants that are frequently detected in the industrial and urban atmosphere. Growing research indicates that prolonged exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is detrimental to human health [12]. The short-term negative effects include nausea, fatigue, dizziness, allergic skin reaction, conjunctivitis, nose and throat pain, headache, and insomnia. Long-term negative effects include impaired coordination, malignancy, leukaemia, anaemia, and damage to the kidneys, liver, and central nervous system [13].

Measurements of numerous parameters under five distinct settings (A, B, C, D, and E) are compiled in the table that is shown. The mean of each parameter is given together with the matching standard deviation. Conditions A, D, and E all had comparable amounts of VOC levels (TVOC measured in mg/m³), but Condition C stands out with the highest mean concentration (2.59 ± 0.57). Condition B lies in the middle of these categories. In terms of temperature (°C), Condition A has the highest reading (35.50 ± 1.05), followed by Conditions D and E, and Conditions B and C have lower readings as shown in Table 2. Conditions A and B have similar wind speeds (m/s), Condition C has the lowest wind speed (1.13 ± 0.26), while Conditions D and E have the greatest and middle wind speeds, respectively. The highest levels of humidity are found in Conditions A and D, followed by Conditions B and C, which have lower levels, and Condition E, which has the lowest values (65.83 ± 0.75).The five stations (A, B, C, D, and E) had higher average VOC concentrations for TVOC. High standard deviation (SD) for both concentrations was also observed at nearly all locations. This might be the case because when a bus stops at stations and the doors open, air may enter from the platform. As a result, TVOC concentrations within train cabins are directly influenced by the quality of the air and the direction of air movement around platforms. Other factors, however, such as the re-suspension of dust from moving vehicles, animal activities, harvesting, passenger density when going in and out, etc., may also have an impact on the amount of TVOC concentrations in the area. The dispersion of pollutants and changes in an area's air pollution level are impacted by several meteorological elements, such as rainfall, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and relative humidity. The rate of air flow is also influenced by temperature [23]. The flow of pollutants will be impacted by the air movement [24-28]. According to Table 2, the maximum temperatures (A and E) were 35.50 ± 1.05a and 35.42 ± 0.74a, respectively, while the lowest temperature (T) was discovered at 31.17 ± 1.47c in column C. The highest humidity (H) was recorded at A (77.33 ± 1.97a), followed by C and D, which had values identical to A's of 73.67 ± 1.21b, B's of 72.67 ± 1.21b, and E's of 65.83 ± 0.75c. Based on temperature and humidity findings the difference in humidity was around (4.66 ± 0.76) while the difference in temperatures was approximately (4.32 ± 0.42). The particulate matter concentrations around the 5 stations could not be considerably affected by these variances because they were so modest [29,30]. Notably, seasonality means that throughout the year, there will be variations in the weather and the distribution of air pollution. The Tables 2 demonstrate that site A has the greatest temperature and site E has the lowest temperature and humidity. Site E has the highest and lowest wind speeds, respectively. There are various ways in which the spatial change of meteorological parameters might influence the spatial variation of TVOC [31-33]. The rate at which TVOCs are released from sources and the pace at which they decay in the environment can both be influenced by temperature and humidity. TVOC movement and dispersion can be impacted by wind speed. The increased TVOC content at site A could, however, be a result of the location's higher warmth and humidity [34, 35]. It's also likely that site C's higher TVOC content is caused in part by the slower wind speed there. The results of TVOC and meteorological parameter measurements at five distinct sites are displayed in Table 2 below. The discrepancies across the sites are not likely the result of chance because the data is statistically significant (p0.001 for all parameters). Site C has the highest concentration of TVOC, whereas Sites A and D have the lowest. This implies that a source of TVOC emissions is present close to site C. Chemical factories and refineries, automobiles, paints, solvents, cleaning products, vegetation, and soil are among potential sources of TVOC emissions [36-38].

Table 3 demonstrates the seasonal variations in temperature, wind speed, and humidity, as well as TVOC (Total Volatile Organic Compounds), in both wet and dry circumstances. The means and related standard deviations are included with the values listed in the table. The average TVOC concentration (measured in mg/m³) during wet conditions is 0.96 ± 0.84, which is significantly lower than the average of 1.98 ± 0.85 during dry conditions. The statistical significance of this discrepancy is shown by the 't' value of -3.306 and the 'p' value of 0.003. The mean temperature (°C) in wet conditions is 32.83 ± 2.03, which is a little lower than the mean (33.77 ± 2.06) in dry conditions. Though this difference is not statistically significant, the 't' value is -1.268 and the associated 'p' value is 0.215. When it's rainy, the average wind speed (in metres per second) is 1.77 ± 0.69, which is higher than when it's dry, which is 1.37 ± 0.69. The difference is not statistically significant, according to the 'p' value of 0.123, even though the 't' value (1.589) shows a positive difference. Last but not least, when it comes to humidity, the mean value for wet situations is 71.80± 3.91, which is a little lower than the mean value for dry conditions, which is 73.47 ±4.07. The ’t’ value (-1.143) and 'p' value (0.263), similar to those for temperature, show that this difference in humidity is not statistically significant. In comparison to the wet season, the dry season has greater TVOC levels. This is probably caused by a number of things, such as increased industrial activity and transportation during the dry season. VOC dispersion is lessened during the dry season because of slower wind speeds and higher humidity. During the dry season, there is an increase in the evaporation of VOCs from soil and vegetation [39,40]. Table 3 shows that during the dry season, temperatures are slightly greater than during the wet season. This is probably because there are less clouds and more sunrays during the dry season. However, there isn't much of a temperature difference between the two. According to [41], In comparison to the wet season, the dry season has a little lower wind speed. The reason for this is most likely the increased atmospheric stability that occurs during the dry season. The dry season has a little greater humidity than the wet season [26,42-44]. This is probably caused by the Earth's surface evaporating more water during the dry season.

Measurement of VOC (TVOC) in mg/m³ is the dependent variable, and the correlation analysis examines the correlations between this variable and several more meteorological factors, including humidity, wind speed, and temperature. TVOC concentrations may be associated with slightly lower temperatures and humidity levels, according to a minor negative correlation between these factors and TVOC (r = -0.180, p = 0.342 and r = -0.224, p = 0.234, respectively). These relationships are not statistically significant, though, at the 0.05 level. It is noteworthy that there is a very weak negative correlation (r = -0.072) between wind speed and TVOC, which is also not statistically significant (p = 0.705). The moderately positive connection between Wind-speed and Temperature (r = 0.454, p = 0.012) suggests that higher wind-speeds may be associated with marginally higher temperatures. In addition, a strong negative association between wind speed and humidity is shown (r = -0.839, p 0.001), suggesting that higher wind speeds are linked to lower humidity levels. In conclusion, there are no significant relationships between the dependent variable TVOC and the climatic parameters evaluated in this study. While there are some signs that TVOC and Temperature and TVOC and Humidity may have weak relationships, the lack of statistical significance suggests that other factors besides these meteorological variables may have a more significant impact on how TVOC levels vary. On the other hand, significant correlations between Wind speed and other variables, particularly the high negative correlation between Wind speed and Humidity, call for additional research into potential causative links and underlying mechanisms.

To under the combined impact of the temperature, wind speed and humidity employed regression analysis. 0.298 was the R-squared value for the regression model, indicating that approximately 29.8 % of the variability in TVOC levels could be explained by these environmental factors. The model was statistically significant (F = 3.687, p = 0.025) as shown in Table 5, suggesting that at least one of the predictors significantly influenced TVOC levels. Understanding the nature and strength of the correlations between TVOC and the environmental variables was made possible by the coefficients table. Notably, wind speed and humidity emerged as significant predictors of TVOC levels. An increase in wind speed was associated with a decrease in TVOC levels (Beta = -1.104, p = 0.011), while an increase in humidity showed a similar effect (Beta = -1.128, p = 0.004). In contrast, temperature did not significantly influence TVOC levels (Beta = 0.188, p = 0.400). Table 5 of coefficients shows the results of a statistical model that predicts VOC (total volatile organic compounds) concentration in mg/m³ based on temperature, wind speed, and humidity. The model is significant (p-value < 0.05), and all three independent variables are significant predictors of VOC concentration. When controlling for the other independent variables, the standardized coefficients (Beta) represent the strength of the relationship between each independent variable and VOC concentration. The t-statistics and p-values indicate the statistical significance of each coefficient. A t-statistic greater than 2 or less than -2 and a p-value less than 0.05 are generally considered to be statistically significant. The unstandardized coefficients (B) represent the change in VOC concentration for each unit change in the independent variable, holding the other independent variables constant [45]. A one-degree Celsius increase in temperature is linked to an increase of 0.089 mg/m³ in VOC concentration [46, 47]. In this case, all three independent variables have statistically significant coefficients. The table of coefficients shows that temperature, wind speed, and humidity are all significant predictors of VOC concentration [48]. The model can be used to predict VOC concentration in a given location based on these three variables. Temperature has a positive relationship with VOC concentration. Higher temperatures accelerate the pace at which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) evaporate off surfaces. [49]. Wind speed has a negative relationship with VOC concentration. This is because wind can disperse VOCs, reducing their concentration in the air. Humidity has a negative relationship with VOC concentration. This is because water vapor in the air can compete with VOCs for adsorption sites on surfaces. The model can be used to predict VOC concentration in a given location by plugging in the values of temperature, wind speed, and humidity for that location.

Table 6 compares the mean TVOC concentration across research conducted in Ondo State and elsewhere: When compared to previous research, this study had the lower mean concentration. After this study, the second highest mean concentration was found in Lagos State and Nairobi [53]. Similar mean concentrations were also found in Delhi, India [40]

Table 7 shows Total Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Averaged Daily intake Dose (ADDinh) for both adults and children. The TVOC levels are broken down by two different exposure routes: inhalation (HQ) and dermal (ADDinh). The highest TVOC levels was seen in location B for both adults and children. This work evaluated the potential health risks associated with TVOC. The total hazard quotient (THQ) for adults varied between 1.50 × 10⁻⁷ and 7.0 × 10⁻⁷, but the THQ for children varied between 1.60 x 10⁻⁷ and 7.8 x 10⁻⁷. The children's HQ ranged from 0.36 to 1.70. The adult's ranged from 1.31 to 6.19. In terms of TVOC, the adults' HQ was C > B > E > D > A, the same trend was observed in children. However, it was discovered that the health risk posed by breathing in atmospheric TVOC was far higher than the USEPA limits, where HQ >1.The average daily intake dose (ADDinh) in adult ranged from 60.86 – 286.58 μg/kg/day while that of children ranged from 16.71-78.71 μg/kg/day. The results obtained can be compared to other studies (54-47).

Volatile substances are extremely spontaneous and easily interact with ambience particles to create a contaminated environment through several chemical and physical processes. The daily activities of humans and industrial activity have a substantial impact on the global emissions of volatile organic compounds. There are several health hazards as a result of the massive emission of VOCs, which had serious implications and repercussions. This research gives a broad study of the seasonal variation, meteorological effects, and health implication of VOC emissions. In comparison to the wet season, the dry season has a greater mean concentration.

Meteorological factors such as temperature, wind velocity and humidity, significantly influence TVOC levels. The elevated temperatures enhance the volatilization of organic molecules but greater wind speeds facilitate dispersion and diminish localized concentrations. Humidity influences chemical reactions and adsorption processes, affecting the elimination or persistence of TVOCs in the atmosphere. These interactions underscore the need of using meteorological elements in air quality evaluations and pollution management techniques to alleviate the health and environmental hazards linked to VOC emissions.