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Environ Anal Health Toxicol > Volume 40:2025 > Article
Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology 2025;40(1):e2025002-0. doi: https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2025002
Impact of endocrine disrupting chemical exposure on thyroid disruption and oxidative stress in early pregnancy
Ju Hee Kim1 , Nalae Moon1 , Su Ji Heo1 , Young Joo Lee2 , Jong Yun Hwang3 , Se Jin Lee3 , Jae Hi Im4, Hosub Im5
1Department of Nursing, College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
4Joeun Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Namyangju, Republic of Korea
5Institute for Life & Environmental Technology, Smartive Corporation, Hanam, Republic of Korea
Corresponding Author: Ju Hee Kim ,Email: juheekim@khu.ac.kr
Received: August 8, 2024;  Accepted: January 5, 2025.
ABSTRACT
Non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are associated with increased oxidative stress and disrupted thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) during pregnancy; however, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. This study assessed the concentrations of 15 non-persistent chemicals, TSH, and oxidative stress biomarkers in pregnant women during the first trimester in Korea. This study was a prospective cohort study, recruiting a total of 242 pregnant women from March 18, 2022 to March 17, 2023. Pregnant women who agreed to participate in the study provided blood and urine samples in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Concentrations of three bisphenols, four parabens, triclosan, benzophenone-3, two volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in urine samples. TSH, malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured as biomarkers of thyroid function and oxidative stress. The geometric mean concentration of the chemicals ranged from 0.07 to 45.20 μg/g creatinine, and were lower or similar to those in previous studies, except for ethyl paraben (EP). Spearman’s coefficients of correlation ranged from −0.26 to 0.51. A multiple linear regression model was constructed after adjusting for covariates (maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, education level, income, residence area, parity, and maternal cotinine level). BPF (ß = −0.184, p = .020, 95 % CI = −0.223 to −0.020), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) (ß = −0.197, p = .046, 95 % CI = −0.915 to −0.009), and , 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU) (ß = 0.199, p = .026, 95 % CI = 0.053 to 0.819) were significantly associated with TSH. trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) (ß = 0262, p = .001, 95 % CI = 0.050 to 0.181) showed a positive association with malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker for oxidative stress. Therefore, pregnant women should minimize their exposure to EDCs, which impact oxidative stress and TSH in the early stages of pregnancy.
Keywords: Thyroid stimulating hormone, oxidative stress, endocrine disrupting chemicals, prenatal exposure
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