Human exposure to highly nickel-polluted environments. such as those associated with nickel refining. electroplating. and welding. has the potential to produce a variety or pathologic effects. Among them arc skin allergic, lung fibrosis, and cancer or the respiratory tract. The exact mechanisms or nickel-induced carcinogenesis arc not known and have been the subject or numerous epidemiologic and experimental investigations. This review provides the evidence or the current state for the genotoxic and mutagenic activity of Ni (Ⅱ) particularly at high doses. Such doses are best delivered into the cells by phagocytosis of sparingly soluble nickel-containing dust particles. Ni(Ⅱ) genotoxicity may be aggravated through the generation or DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species(ROS) and the inhibition or DNA repair by this metal. The epigenetic effects of nickel includes alteration in gene expression resulting from DNA hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation, as well as activation some signaling pathways and subsequent transcrziption factors.
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